The Nissan GT-R is powered by the VR38DETT V6 engine, a 3,800 cc (3.8 L; 231.9 cu in) DOHC V6 with plasma transferred wire arc sprayed cylinder bores.[18] Two parallel Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI) turbochargers provide forced induction.[19] Models manufactured between 2007 and 2010 produce a manufacturer-claimed engine output of 485 PS (357 kW; 478 hp) at 6400 rpm and 434 lb·ft (588 N·m) at 3200–5200 rpm.[20] The engine also meets California Air Resources Board Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) standards.[21] A curb weight of 1,730 or 1,736 kg (3,814 or 3,827 lb) with side curtain airbags is achieved using a jig welded steel chassis with aluminum used for the hood, trunk, and doors.[22] A rear mounted six-speed BorgWarner designed dual clutch semi-automatic transmission built by Aichi Machine Industry[23] is used in conjunction with the ATTESA E-TS system to provide power to all four wheels and along with Nissan's Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC-R) to aid in stability. Three shift modes can also be selected for various conditions.[24] Beginning in 2010, engine power and torque were upgraded to 390 kW (530 PS; 523 hp) at 6400 rpm and 612 N·m (451 lbf·ft) at 3200–6000 rpm respectively. Models produced in 2012 again featured improved engine output (404 kW (549 PS; 542 hp) at 6400 rpm and 628 N·m (463 lbf·ft) at 3200–5800 rpm). In the near future, it is speculated that the GT-R might even be available as a hybrid.[25]